Drought - Cities and FUAs — Land soil moisture anomaly in Haarlem
Haarlem: Drought - Cities and FUAs — Land soil moisture anomaly was -10.8 Percentage change in 2025. ◆ Volatile
Drought - Cities and FUAs — Land soil moisture anomaly in Haarlem, 1950–2025
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Measured in Percentage change.
Analysis
The most recent figure for drought - cities and fuas — land soil moisture anomaly in Haarlem is -10.8 Percentage change, measured in 2025.
The figure is down 296.4% on the previous year and down 427.3% over ten years.
Over the whole period, drought - cities and fuas — land soil moisture anomaly in Haarlem peaked at 9.4 Percentage change in 1998 and was at its lowest, -11.2 Percentage change, in 1976.
That places Haarlem 1203rd out of 1323 regions with data for 2025, putting it in the bottom quarter.
The series is highly variable year to year, so single readings are best treated with caution.
Averages by decade
| Decade | Average | Lowest | Highest | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950s | -3.14 Percentage change | -11.1 Percentage change | 4 Percentage change | 10 |
| 1960s | 0.76 Percentage change | -6.8 Percentage change | 5.9 Percentage change | 10 |
| 1970s | -1.3 Percentage change | -11.2 Percentage change | 4.3 Percentage change | 10 |
| 1980s | 1.22 Percentage change | -3.6 Percentage change | 5.6 Percentage change | 10 |
| 1990s | -2.28 Percentage change | -6.5 Percentage change | 9.4 Percentage change | 10 |
| 2000s | 1.53 Percentage change | -9.3 Percentage change | 7.2 Percentage change | 10 |
| 2010s | -0.84 Percentage change | -7.4 Percentage change | 4.3 Percentage change | 10 |
| 2020s | -0.3 Percentage change | -10.8 Percentage change | 7.7 Percentage change | 6 |
More environment data for Haarlem
- Greenhouse gas emissions - Cities and FUAs — GHG emissions from waste 0.01 Tonnes of CO2-equivalent (2024)
- Land surface temperature - Cities and FUAs — Daytime summer land 25.34 Degrees celsius (2024)
- Land surface temperature - Cities and FUAs — Daytime winter land 4.07 Degrees celsius (2024)
- Land surface temperature - Cities and FUAs — Daytime yearly land 17.92 Degrees celsius (2024)
- Land surface temperature - Cities and FUAs — Nighttime summer land 14.16 Degrees celsius (2024)
- Land surface temperature - Cities and FUAs — Nighttime winter land 0.5845 Degrees celsius (2024)
- Land surface temperature - Cities and FUAs — Nighttime yearly land 7.24 Degrees celsius (2024)
- Air pollution - Cities and FUAs — Population exposure to nitrogen 41.1 Microgrammes per cubic metre (2025)
- Air pollution - Cities and FUAs — Population exposure to ozone 83.61 Microgrammes per cubic metre (2025)
- Air pollution - Cities and FUAs — Population exposure to PM10 31.04 Microgrammes per cubic metre (2025)
Frequently asked questions
- What is drought - cities and fuas — land soil moisture anomaly in Haarlem?
- Drought - cities and fuas — land soil moisture anomaly in Haarlem was -10.8 Percentage change in 2025, according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- What is the highest drought - cities and fuas — land soil moisture anomaly recorded in Haarlem?
- The highest recorded value was 9.4 Percentage change in 1998.
- What is the lowest drought - cities and fuas — land soil moisture anomaly recorded in Haarlem?
- The lowest recorded value was -11.2 Percentage change in 1976.
- How does Haarlem rank for drought - cities and fuas — land soil moisture anomaly?
- Haarlem ranks 1203rd out of 1323 regions with data for 2025.
- Is drought - cities and fuas — land soil moisture anomaly rising or falling in Haarlem?
- Over the last ten years it is down 427.3%. The long-run trend across the full record is volatile.
- Where does this Haarlem data come from?
- The figures come from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, published as part of Drought - Cities and FUAs — Land soil moisture anomaly. Statizoid updates them automatically from the source API.
Download this data
CSV · JSON — 76 observations, free to reuse under OECD Terms and Conditions (attribution required).
About this data
<p align="justify">This dataset provides regional statistics on estimate of soil moisture anomaly, in Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) and Cities.</p> <h3>Data sources and methodology</h3> <p align="justify">Drought is defined by the soil moisture change compared to the reference period 1981-2010. The soil moisture refers to the volume of water in the first soil layer (0 to 7 cm). This indicator is based on Copernicus ERA5-Land. ERA5-Land is used as it provides harmonised, globally consistent coverage at fine spatial resolution (0.1 degree), enabling the production of comparable subnational indicators also where national meteorological data are not available at the required scale. These estimates may differ from official subnational climate statistics due to differences in methodological approaches, such as the use of reanalysis based top down modelling versus in situ observations, along with variations in input data sources, spatial resolution, and the models and algorithms used to generate temperature estimates.</p> <p align="justify"> These estimates may differ from official subnational climate statistics due to differences in methodological approaches, such as the use of reanalysis based top down modelling versus in situ observations, along with variations in input data sources, spatial resolution, and the models and algorithms used to generate temperature estimates. </p> <h3>Defining FUAs and cities</h3> <p align="justify">The OECD, in cooperation with the EU, has developed a harmonised <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-definition-of-cities-and-functional-urban-areas.html">definition of functional urban areas</a> (FUAs) to capture the economic and functional reach of cities based on daily commuting patterns <a href=https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264174108-en>(OECD, 2012)</a>. FUAs consist of: <ol> <li><b>A city</b> – defined by urban centres in the degree of urbanisation, adapted to the closest local administrative units to define a city.</li> <li><b>A commuting zone</b> – including all local areas where at least 15% of employed residents work in the city.</li> </ol> The delineation process includes: <ul> <li>Assigning municipalities surrounded by a single FUA to that FUA.</li> <li>Excluding non-contiguous municipalities.</li> </ul> The correspondence table between SAUs and FUAs/cities is available in <a href=https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.parquet>parquet </a> and <a href=https://webfs-cfe.oecd.org/files/.Stat/cities_local_areas/fua_cities_sau_mapping.csv>csv</a> format. The definition identifies 1 272 FUAs and 1 269 cities in all OECD member countries except Costa Rica and three accession countries.</p> <h3>Cite this dataset</h3> <p>OECD Regions, cities and local areas database (<a href=http://data-explorer.oecd.org/s/1vc>Drought - Cities and FUAs</a>), <a href=http://oe.cd/geostats>http://oe.cd/geostats</a></p> <h3>Further information</h3> <ul> <li> <a href=https://localdataportal.oecd.org/>OECD Local Data Portal </a> </li> <li> <a href=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-regions-and-cities-at-a-glance-2024_f42db3bf-en.html/>OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance </a> </li> </ul> <p align="justify">For questions and/or comments, please email <a href="mailto:CitiesStat@oecd.org">CitiesStat@oecd.org</a>