Industrial roundwood — Import quantity, annual growth rate by country
The year-on-year percentage change in Industrial roundwood — Import quantity. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
What the numbers show
Industrial roundwood — Import quantity, annual growth rate is currently reported for 227 countries. The highest value is 809.75 % change on previous year in Israel; the lowest is -100 % change on previous year in China, Macao SAR.
The median across all reporting countries is -16 % change on previous year, and the mean is 17.35 % change on previous year.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 8.
Over the past decade 92 countries rose and 101 fell. The largest increase was in Czechia (up 28,421.4%), and the largest decrease in Timor-Leste (down 11,971.7%).
Industrial roundwood — Import quantity, annual growth rate: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Israel | 809.75 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 11,900.3% | volatile |
| 2 | Vanuatu | 797.22 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 165.7% | volatile |
| 3 | Lebanon | 670.51 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 82.4% | volatile |
| 4 | Nepal | 662.5 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 87.7% | volatile |
| 5 | Guatemala | 586.03 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 77.2% | volatile |
| 6 | Fiji | 581.21 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 855.8% | volatile |
| 7 | USSR | 524.31 % change on previous year | 1991 | up 2,097.3% | volatile |
| 8 | Antigua and Barbuda | 510.32 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 619.8% | volatile |
| 9 | Micronesia | 427.63 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 179.3% | volatile |
| 10 | Sao Tome and Principe | 400 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 60.0% | volatile |
| 11 | Angola | 392.63 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 4,286.0% | volatile |
| 12 | Trinidad and Tobago | 353.01 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 508.9% | volatile |
| 13 | Ascension, Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha | 307.52 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 891.1% | volatile |
| 14 | Grenada | 305.27 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 1,168.4% | volatile |
| 15 | Melanesia | 243.54 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 945.4% | volatile |
| 16 | Philippines | 230.24 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 574.0% | volatile |
| 17 | Libya | 213.01 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 699.7% | volatile |
| 18 | Kuwait | 212.55 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 1,362.7% | volatile |
| 19 | Russian Federation | 212.5 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 420.0% | volatile |
| 20 | Comoros | 207.1 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 475.3% | volatile |
| 21 | Jordan | 188.92 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 54.4% | volatile |
| 22 | Colombia | 182.3 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 2,442.1% | volatile |
| 23 | British Virgin Islands | 172.91 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 366.2% | volatile |
| 24 | El Salvador | 166.17 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 953.0% | volatile |
| 25 | Equatorial Guinea | 161.63 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 261.6% | volatile |
| 26 | Oman | 145 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 755.1% | volatile |
| 27 | Thailand | 143.44 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 688.7% | volatile |
| 28 | Serbia and Montenegro | 127.27 % change on previous year | 2005 | down 59.2% | volatile |
| 29 | Cabo Verde | 121.35 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 295.0% | volatile |
| 30 | Ghana | 109.95 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 46.6% | volatile |
| 31 | Honduras | 90.27 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 45.9% | volatile |
| 32 | Aruba | 77.4 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 81.0% | volatile |
| 33 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 76.89 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 260.1% | volatile |
| 34 | Saint Lucia | 74.88 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 440.6% | volatile |
| 35 | Anguilla | 67.1 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 429.3% | volatile |
| 36 | North Macedonia | 66.99 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 417.7% | volatile |
| 37 | Cameroon | 66.9 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 166.9% | volatile |
| 38 | Serbia | 61.54 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 127.4% | volatile |
| 39 | Armenia | 60.15 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 214.3% | volatile |
| 40 | Côte d'Ivoire | 59.65 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 62.4% | volatile |
| 41 | Mozambique | 52.62 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 54.7% | volatile |
| 42 | Andorra | 49.21 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 43 | Tunisia | 45.91 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 236.3% | volatile |
| 44 | Belize | 45.74 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 174.2% | volatile |
| 45 | Namibia | 43.11 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 199.7% | volatile |
| 46 | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | 42.86 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 2.1% | volatile |
| 47 | Norway | 42.52 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 231.1% | volatile |
| 48 | Belgium-Luxembourg | 36.43 % change on previous year | 1999 | up 1,193.1% | volatile |
| 49 | Czechia | 34.79 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 28,421.4% | volatile |
| 50 | Iraq | 32.61 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 135.7% | volatile |
| 51 | Uzbekistan | 31.03 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 52 | Algeria | 29.79 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 93.2% | volatile |
| 53 | Jamaica | 29.1 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 91.0% | volatile |
| 54 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 27.8 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 55 | Spain | 26.64 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 283.1% | volatile |
| 56 | Peru | 26.54 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 456.0% | volatile |
| 57 | Sweden | 26.34 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 233.2% | volatile |
| 58 | Sudan | 25.56 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 59 | United Arab Emirates | 24.59 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 196.8% | volatile |
| 60 | Lithuania | 23.1 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 523.9% | volatile |
| 61 | Iceland | 18.99 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 198.2% | volatile |
| 62 | India | 17.05 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 143.0% | volatile |
| 63 | Yemen | 16.41 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 54.4% | volatile |
| 64 | Viet Nam | 16.14 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 0.2% | volatile |
| 65 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 15.62 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 133.9% | volatile |
| 66 | Syrian Arab Republic | 14.69 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 115.0% | volatile |
| 67 | Finland | 13.02 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 299.6% | volatile |
| 68 | Bahamas | 12.79 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 187.3% | volatile |
| 69 | Ukraine | 11.11 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 70 | Czechoslovakia | 10.11 % change on previous year | 1992 | up 271.9% | volatile |
| 71 | Lesotho | 7.2 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 72 | Brazil | 7.16 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 137.8% | volatile |
| 73 | Albania | 7.09 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 97.6% | volatile |
| 74 | Latvia | 6.28 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 80.5% | volatile |
| 75 | Malta | 6.06 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 118.1% | volatile |
| 76 | Haiti | 5.37 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 97.3% | volatile |
| 77 | Kiribati | 1.64 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 78 | Republic of Moldova | 1.25 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 106.3% | volatile |
| 79 | Canada | 1.21 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 109.7% | volatile |
| 80 | Luxembourg | 0.8416 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 106.2% | volatile |
| 81 | Hungary | 0.2677 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 96.9% | volatile |
| 82 | France | 0.1502 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 99.3% | volatile |
| 83 | Chile | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 83 | Myanmar | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 83 | Tajikistan | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | Turkmenistan | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | French Guiana | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | Guadeloupe | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | Martinique | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | Réunion | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 92 | Yugoslav SFR | -0.7279 % change on previous year | 1990 | down 102.3% | volatile |
| 93 | Netherlands (Kingdom of the) | -1.82 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 106.6% | volatile |
| 94 | Austria | -2.73 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 77.0% | volatile |
| 95 | Djibouti | -3.31 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 102.0% | volatile |
| 96 | Kazakhstan | -4.68 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 151.5% | volatile |
| 97 | China, mainland | -5.08 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 136.4% | volatile |
| 98 | China | -5.09 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 136.3% | volatile |
| 99 | Switzerland | -5.35 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 82.3% | volatile |
| 100 | Indonesia | -5.54 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 105.1% | volatile |
| 101 | China, Taiwan Province of | -5.73 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 151.6% | volatile |
| 102 | Slovenia | -8 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 33.8% | volatile |
| 103 | Japan | -8.22 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 7.5% | volatile |
| 104 | Polynesia | -9.08 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 56.3% | volatile |
| 105 | Belgium | -9.28 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 1,102.7% | volatile |
| 106 | Egypt | -9.67 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 35.2% | volatile |
| 107 | Slovakia | -10.05 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 139.0% | volatile |
| 108 | Estonia | -10.56 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 39.1% | volatile |
| 109 | Montenegro | -11.53 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 110 | Germany | -11.58 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 3,732.6% | volatile |
| 111 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | -11.93 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 112 | Italy | -12.35 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 249.9% | volatile |
| 113 | Portugal | -13.64 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 212.9% | volatile |
| 114 | Republic of Korea | -13.85 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 291.1% | volatile |
| 115 | Denmark | -16 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 116 | South Africa | -17.31 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 65.6% | volatile |
| 117 | Liberia | -17.58 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 168.7% | volatile |
| 118 | China, Hong Kong SAR | -17.9 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 135.1% | volatile |
| 119 | Georgia | -18.55 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 107.7% | volatile |
| 120 | Samoa | -18.95 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 113.1% | volatile |
| 121 | Curaçao | -20.05 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 122 | Ireland | -20.86 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 1,886.2% | volatile |
| 123 | Saudi Arabia | -21.03 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 308.5% | volatile |
| 124 | Zambia | -21.5 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 102.5% | volatile |
| 125 | Benin | -21.65 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 77.6% | volatile |
| 126 | Romania | -23.58 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 163.8% | volatile |
| 127 | Panama | -25.11 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 70.8% | volatile |
| 128 | Senegal | -25.22 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 26.5% | volatile |
| 129 | Sri Lanka | -25.56 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 66.3% | volatile |
| 130 | Zimbabwe | -26.39 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 108.1% | volatile |
| 131 | Greece | -26.54 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 6,334.6% | volatile |
| 132 | Mauritius | -26.74 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 114.4% | volatile |
| 133 | Wallis and Futuna Islands | -26.92 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 134 | Montserrat | -27.27 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 67.9% | volatile |
| 135 | Faroe Islands | -30 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 430.9% | volatile |
| 136 | Croatia | -30.22 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 131.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Mauritania | -30.46 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 27.2% | volatile |
| 138 | Mexico | -31.15 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 42.4% | volatile |
| 139 | Türkiye | -33.24 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 116.6% | volatile |
| 140 | Dominican Republic | -33.46 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 483.8% | volatile |
| 141 | Cambodia | -34.76 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 22.2% | volatile |
| 142 | Costa Rica | -35.02 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 128.1% | volatile |
| 143 | Bangladesh | -35.93 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 52.5% | volatile |
| 144 | Botswana | -40.99 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 13.8% | volatile |
| 145 | Pakistan | -44.68 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 511.7% | volatile |
| 146 | Uruguay | -44.87 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 32.6% | volatile |
| 147 | Poland | -46.38 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 390.1% | volatile |
| 148 | Cook Islands | -46.95 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 116.8% | volatile |
| 149 | New Zealand | -47.46 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 174.3% | volatile |
| 150 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | -48.26 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 32.4% | volatile |
| 151 | French Polynesia | -49.03 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 50.3% | volatile |
| 152 | Singapore | -49.73 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 257.6% | volatile |
| 153 | Australia and New Zealand | -50.17 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 130.7% | volatile |
| 154 | Netherlands Antilles (former) | -51.94 % change on previous year | 2010 | up 16.4% | volatile |
| 155 | Niger | -52.38 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 34.4% | volatile |
| 156 | Qatar | -52.84 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 134.7% | volatile |
| 157 | Australia | -53.31 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 107.8% | volatile |
| 158 | Togo | -53.58 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 18.9% | volatile |
| 159 | Azerbaijan | -56.97 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 160 | Maldives | -57.2 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 161 | Bermuda | -58.47 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 241.0% | volatile |
| 162 | Guyana | -61.42 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 11.0% | volatile |
| 163 | Sudan (former) | -61.74 % change on previous year | 2011 | — | volatile |
| 164 | Kyrgyzstan | -62.41 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 232.9% | volatile |
| 165 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | -62.95 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 88.9% | volatile |
| 166 | New Caledonia | -67.14 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 148.1% | volatile |
| 167 | Bahrain | -67.77 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 0.4% | volatile |
| 168 | Bulgaria | -69.6 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 250.1% | volatile |
| 169 | Gabon | -70.59 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 27.3% | volatile |
| 170 | Cayman Islands | -70.68 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 146.8% | volatile |
| 171 | Morocco | -72.72 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 5,477.2% | volatile |
| 172 | Rwanda | -73.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 131.1% | volatile |
| 173 | Malaysia | -74.63 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 366.2% | volatile |
| 174 | Malawi | -74.69 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 21.9% | volatile |
| 175 | Guinea | -75 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 23.9% | volatile |
| 176 | Papua New Guinea | -75.42 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 250.8% | volatile |
| 177 | Somalia | -78.15 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 178 | Madagascar | -78.73 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 6.4% | volatile |
| 179 | Nicaragua | -81.09 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 2.5% | volatile |
| 180 | Tuvalu | -82.01 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 181 | Barbados | -82.4 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 163.4% | volatile |
| 182 | Marshall Islands | -83.9 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 222.8% | volatile |
| 183 | Timor-Leste | -85 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 11,971.7% | volatile |
| 184 | United Republic of Tanzania | -85.1 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 129.7% | volatile |
| 185 | Niue | -85.71 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 14.3% | volatile |
| 186 | Brunei Darussalam | -88.63 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 8.2% | volatile |
| 187 | Ecuador | -90 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 5.0% | volatile |
| 188 | Eswatini | -90.08 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 189 | Kenya | -91.54 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 511.4% | volatile |
| 190 | Gibraltar | -92.55 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 191 | Micronesia (Federated States of) | -93.17 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 192 | Gambia | -93.38 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 10.4% | volatile |
| 193 | Dominica | -94.36 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 150.7% | volatile |
| 194 | Cuba | -94.62 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 14.3% | volatile |
| 195 | Naoero | -96 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 196 | Greenland | -96.65 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 398.0% | volatile |
| 197 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | -96.81 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 212.0% | volatile |
| 198 | Seychelles | -97.13 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 396.3% | volatile |
| 199 | Suriname | -98.11 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 301.3% | volatile |
| 200 | Paraguay | -98.65 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 201 | Cyprus | -99 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 109.0% | volatile |
| 202 | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | -99.21 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 207.3% | volatile |
| 203 | Nigeria | -99.85 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 160.6% | volatile |
| 204 | Argentina | -99.9 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 0.1% | volatile |
| 205 | Afghanistan | -100 % change on previous year | 2022 | down 121.4% | volatile |
| 205 | American Samoa | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 205 | Burundi | -100 % change on previous year | 2022 | — | volatile |
| 205 | Burkina Faso | -100 % change on previous year | 2022 | down 35.9% | volatile |
| 205 | Belarus | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 168.5% | volatile |
| 205 | Bhutan | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 397.3% | volatile |
| 205 | Congo | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 0.6% | volatile |
| 205 | Eritrea | -100 % change on previous year | 2018 | down 1,841.9% | volatile |
| 205 | Ethiopia | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 88.3% | volatile |
| 205 | Guinea-Bissau | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 2,150.0% | volatile |
| 205 | Mali | -100 % change on previous year | 2020 | unchanged | volatile |
| 205 | Mongolia | -100 % change on previous year | 2022 | down 198.1% | volatile |
| 205 | Palau | -100 % change on previous year | 2020 | — | volatile |
| 205 | Palestine, State of | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 8.4% | volatile |
| 205 | Solomon Islands | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 247.2% | volatile |
| 205 | Sierra Leone | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 220.0% | volatile |
| 205 | Chad | -100 % change on previous year | 2020 | down 29.3% | volatile |
| 205 | Tonga | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 337.3% | volatile |
| 205 | Uganda | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 205 | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | -100 % change on previous year | 2022 | — | volatile |
| 205 | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | -100 % change on previous year | 2022 | down 127.4% | volatile |
| 205 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 15.4% | falling |
| 205 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 177.3% | volatile |
| 205 | China, Macao SAR | -100 % change on previous year | 2018 | down 208.5% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Oceania 398.43 % change on previous year
- Eastern Africa 60 % change on previous year
- Western Asia 53.51 % change on previous year
- Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 43.16 % change on previous year
- Low Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDCs) 39.03 % change on previous year
- Caribbean 19.6 % change on previous year
- Net Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDCs) 19.1 % change on previous year
- Northern Europe 17.91 % change on previous year
- Small island developing States (SIDS) 17.23 % change on previous year
- Southern Asia 16.49 % change on previous year
- Africa 13.9 % change on previous year
- Middle Africa 12.09 % change on previous year
- Land Locked Developing Countries (LLDCs) 10.85 % change on previous year
- Western Africa 10.41 % change on previous year
- Central Asia 6.05 % change on previous year
- South-Eastern Asia 4.86 % change on previous year
- United States of America 3.57 % change on previous year
- Northern America 1.51 % change on previous year
- Americas 1.3 % change on previous year
- Europe 0.0295 % change on previous year
- World -1.23 % change on previous year
- Asia -2.92 % change on previous year
- Eastern Asia -5.61 % change on previous year
- Western Europe -5.78 % change on previous year
- Northern Africa -8.61 % change on previous year
- Southern Europe -9.41 % change on previous year
- Eastern Europe -11.11 % change on previous year
- Central America -15.84 % change on previous year
- Southern Africa -19.57 % change on previous year
- South America -23.83 % change on previous year
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in Industrial roundwood — Import quantity. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- Industrial roundwood — Import quantity Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in Industrial roundwood — Import quantity. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.