Veneer sheets — Import value, annual growth rate by country
The year-on-year percentage change in Veneer sheets — Import value. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
What the numbers show
Veneer sheets — Import value, annual growth rate is currently reported for 227 countries. The highest value is 955.56 % change on previous year in Liberia; the lowest is -100 % change on previous year in Falkland Islands (Malvinas).
The median across all reporting countries is -9.38 % change on previous year, and the mean is 6.35 % change on previous year.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 10.
Over the past decade 83 countries rose and 113 fell. The largest increase was in Sweden (up 4,391.7%), and the largest decrease in Zimbabwe (down 6,404.4%).
Veneer sheets — Import value, annual growth rate: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Liberia | 955.56 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 2,011.1% | volatile |
| 1 | Micronesia | 347.17 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 677.5% | volatile |
| 2 | Saint Lucia | 887.5 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 491.7% | volatile |
| 2 | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 28.95 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 135.0% | volatile |
| 2 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | -58.69 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 40.3% | volatile |
| 3 | Equatorial Guinea | 507.14 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 1,190.7% | volatile |
| 3 | United Republic of Tanzania | -75.05 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 36.3% | volatile |
| 4 | British Virgin Islands | 355.17 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 44.5% | volatile |
| 4 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | -78.35 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 9.4% | volatile |
| 5 | Algeria | 336.69 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 2,258.5% | volatile |
| 5 | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 21.9 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 89.8% | volatile |
| 5 | Micronesia (Federated States of) | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 522.0% | volatile |
| 6 | Turkmenistan | 322.02 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 7 | Cabo Verde | 281.25 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 1,105.4% | volatile |
| 7 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 12.98 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 1,747.9% | volatile |
| 8 | Nigeria | 277.56 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 67.1% | volatile |
| 9 | Mozambique | 257.14 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 414.6% | volatile |
| 10 | Montenegro | 235.21 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 10 | Republic of Moldova | 7.43 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 11 | Kiribati | 217.65 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 420.7% | volatile |
| 12 | Aruba | 200 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 3.2% | volatile |
| 12 | Cuba | 200 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 344.6% | volatile |
| 14 | Mongolia | 176 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 58.4% | volatile |
| 15 | Benin | 173.53 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 428.3% | volatile |
| 16 | Grenada | 166.67 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 266.7% | volatile |
| 17 | Burkina Faso | 157.41 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 509.3% | volatile |
| 18 | Sri Lanka | 132.29 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 324.4% | volatile |
| 19 | Norfolk Island | 122.22 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 222.2% | volatile |
| 20 | Bahrain | 117.84 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 973.0% | volatile |
| 21 | Norway | 109.44 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 750.7% | volatile |
| 22 | Georgia | 104.32 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 215.9% | volatile |
| 23 | Sudan | 100 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 1,200.0% | volatile |
| 23 | Trinidad and Tobago | 100 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 261.6% | volatile |
| 25 | New Caledonia | 94.95 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 203.1% | volatile |
| 26 | Uzbekistan | 84.39 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 27 | Uruguay | 75 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 2,050.0% | volatile |
| 28 | Malta | 70.23 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 680.0% | volatile |
| 29 | Namibia | 60.24 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 95.5% | volatile |
| 30 | Thailand | 59.24 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 548.2% | volatile |
| 31 | Tunisia | 58.91 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 988.5% | volatile |
| 31 | Syrian Arab Republic | -22.39 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 126.1% | volatile |
| 32 | Madagascar | 56.52 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 1,550.7% | volatile |
| 33 | Sweden | 49.91 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 4,391.7% | volatile |
| 34 | Albania | 48.82 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 35 | Eswatini | 48.39 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 183.8% | volatile |
| 36 | Azerbaijan | 47.6 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 36 | Melanesia | -45.91 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 342.2% | volatile |
| 37 | Mali | 46.15 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 246.5% | volatile |
| 37 | Côte d'Ivoire | -55.52 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 289.2% | volatile |
| 38 | Seychelles | 37.04 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 80.2% | volatile |
| 38 | Polynesia | -75.79 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 211.2% | volatile |
| 39 | Cyprus | 36.3 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 743.2% | volatile |
| 40 | Nicaragua | 33.77 % change on previous year | 2023 | up 171.9% | volatile |
| 41 | Morocco | 33.66 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 255.9% | volatile |
| 42 | Luxembourg | 32.67 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 43 | Mauritius | 30.87 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 74.2% | volatile |
| 44 | Bhutan | 30.43 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 201.4% | volatile |
| 45 | Qatar | 29.78 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 156.9% | volatile |
| 46 | Kuwait | 28.92 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 268.0% | volatile |
| 47 | Indonesia | 25.64 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 304.5% | volatile |
| 48 | Spain | 25.47 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 114.0% | volatile |
| 49 | Panama | 25 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 161.2% | volatile |
| 50 | Portugal | 21.6 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 18.5% | volatile |
| 51 | Jordan | 21.48 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 136.8% | volatile |
| 52 | China, mainland | 20.04 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 31.9% | volatile |
| 53 | Greece | 19.43 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 265.1% | volatile |
| 54 | Burundi | 19.11 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 98.0% | volatile |
| 55 | Belarus | 18.99 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 2,072.0% | volatile |
| 56 | Serbia | 16.7 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 405.4% | volatile |
| 57 | Cameroon | 16.67 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 76.7% | volatile |
| 58 | China | 15.78 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 5.7% | volatile |
| 59 | Ireland | 15.74 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 28.1% | volatile |
| 60 | United Arab Emirates | 14.85 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 14.1% | volatile |
| 61 | Armenia | 14.39 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 140.8% | volatile |
| 62 | Romania | 13.93 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 114.0% | volatile |
| 63 | Denmark | 12.8 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 64 | Australia | 12.63 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 380.3% | volatile |
| 65 | Saudi Arabia | 10.67 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 21.0% | volatile |
| 66 | Latvia | 10.5 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 40.8% | volatile |
| 67 | Guatemala | 10.33 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 159.8% | volatile |
| 68 | Poland | 10.19 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 83.4% | volatile |
| 69 | Austria | 9.5 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 178.7% | volatile |
| 70 | Cambodia | 9.28 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 95.6% | volatile |
| 71 | Ukraine | 8.58 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 72 | Türkiye | 7.91 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 50.0% | volatile |
| 73 | Uganda | 7.26 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 112.3% | volatile |
| 74 | Hungary | 7.1 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 190.7% | volatile |
| 75 | Italy | 6.59 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 48.7% | volatile |
| 76 | Bermuda | 4.84 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 105.9% | volatile |
| 77 | Australia and New Zealand | 4.39 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 613.1% | volatile |
| 78 | Naoero | 4.35 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 112.6% | volatile |
| 79 | Belgium | 3 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 95.0% | volatile |
| 80 | Egypt | 2.93 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 90.6% | volatile |
| 81 | Ecuador | 1.15 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 108.2% | volatile |
| 82 | South Africa | 0.7515 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 101.5% | volatile |
| 83 | Togo | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 83 | Tajikistan | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | French Guiana | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | Guadeloupe | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | Martinique | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | USSR | 0 % change on previous year | 1991 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 83 | Ascension, Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | Netherlands (Kingdom of the) | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 83 | Réunion | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 83 | Yugoslav SFR | 0 % change on previous year | 1991 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 83 | China, Macao SAR | 0 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 100.0% | volatile |
| 94 | Bangladesh | -1.72 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 102.8% | volatile |
| 95 | Gambia | -2.72 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 96.4% | volatile |
| 96 | India | -2.81 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 107.3% | volatile |
| 97 | Zambia | -3.12 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 104.1% | volatile |
| 98 | China, Taiwan Province of | -3.31 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 27.6% | volatile |
| 99 | Malaysia | -3.5 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 115.3% | volatile |
| 100 | Russian Federation | -4.11 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 41.9% | volatile |
| 101 | Switzerland | -4.53 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 146.5% | volatile |
| 102 | France | -4.63 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 121.9% | volatile |
| 103 | Czechia | -5.09 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 1,538.3% | volatile |
| 104 | Canada | -5.8 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 420.0% | volatile |
| 105 | Mexico | -6.55 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 1,145.7% | volatile |
| 106 | North Macedonia | -7.94 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 60.2% | volatile |
| 107 | Niger | -8.33 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 120.8% | volatile |
| 108 | Slovakia | -8.73 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 118.9% | volatile |
| 109 | Croatia | -9.38 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 3.4% | volatile |
| 110 | Cayman Islands | -9.68 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 117.7% | volatile |
| 111 | Belgium-Luxembourg | -9.88 % change on previous year | 1999 | down 173.1% | volatile |
| 112 | Iraq | -10 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 57.3% | volatile |
| 113 | Chile | -10.3 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 27.6% | volatile |
| 114 | Paraguay | -10.85 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 115.4% | volatile |
| 115 | Lebanon | -11.3 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 35.9% | volatile |
| 116 | Estonia | -11.61 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 236.6% | volatile |
| 117 | Brazil | -11.99 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 161.4% | volatile |
| 118 | Bahamas | -12.51 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 2,131.7% | volatile |
| 119 | Japan | -12.58 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 1,435.8% | volatile |
| 120 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | -12.85 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 46.3% | volatile |
| 121 | New Zealand | -13.11 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 55.5% | volatile |
| 122 | Philippines | -14.57 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 5,553.4% | volatile |
| 123 | Argentina | -15.21 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 391.9% | volatile |
| 124 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | -15.3 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 2,833.6% | volatile |
| 125 | Republic of Korea | -15.75 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 534.8% | volatile |
| 126 | Angola | -15.82 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 142.7% | volatile |
| 127 | Slovenia | -17.27 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 215.3% | volatile |
| 128 | Costa Rica | -17.65 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 126.9% | volatile |
| 129 | Viet Nam | -18.31 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 140.9% | volatile |
| 130 | Ghana | -18.93 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 177.6% | volatile |
| 131 | Lithuania | -18.96 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 145.0% | volatile |
| 132 | China, Hong Kong SAR | -19.38 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 123.4% | volatile |
| 133 | Sudan (former) | -19.8 % change on previous year | 2011 | — | volatile |
| 134 | Andorra | -20 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 135 | Germany | -21.11 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 753.5% | volatile |
| 136 | El Salvador | -23.53 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 339.2% | volatile |
| 137 | Israel | -24.34 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 542.1% | volatile |
| 138 | Mauritania | -25.18 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 209.7% | volatile |
| 139 | Pakistan | -26.26 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 196.5% | volatile |
| 140 | Oman | -27.71 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 125.4% | volatile |
| 141 | Colombia | -28.25 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 178.7% | volatile |
| 142 | Finland | -30.12 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 42.8% | volatile |
| 143 | Kazakhstan | -32.32 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 499.3% | volatile |
| 144 | Sao Tome and Principe | -34.62 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 158.8% | volatile |
| 145 | Dominican Republic | -38.03 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 250.0% | volatile |
| 146 | French Polynesia | -42 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 8.5% | volatile |
| 147 | Serbia and Montenegro | -43.17 % change on previous year | 2005 | — | volatile |
| 148 | Singapore | -43.85 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 439.9% | volatile |
| 149 | Faroe Islands | -46.15 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 13.8% | volatile |
| 150 | Nepal | -46.63 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 197.3% | volatile |
| 151 | Bulgaria | -48.61 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 910.6% | volatile |
| 152 | Netherlands Antilles (former) | -52.53 % change on previous year | 2010 | up 13.7% | volatile |
| 153 | Gabon | -52.94 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 34.4% | volatile |
| 154 | Fiji | -53.04 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 6.4% | volatile |
| 155 | Senegal | -54.67 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 116.5% | volatile |
| 156 | Botswana | -66.1 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 305.2% | volatile |
| 157 | Maldives | -66.15 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 180.9% | volatile |
| 158 | Papua New Guinea | -68.97 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 115.4% | volatile |
| 159 | Myanmar | -69.73 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 266.3% | volatile |
| 160 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | -70.82 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 17.7% | volatile |
| 161 | Cook Islands | -70.91 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 203.3% | volatile |
| 162 | Lesotho | -71.43 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 20.1% | volatile |
| 163 | Sierra Leone | -74.42 % change on previous year | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 164 | Congo | -74.77 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 138.0% | volatile |
| 165 | Iceland | -75.19 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 1,797.7% | volatile |
| 166 | Jamaica | -75.57 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 269.7% | volatile |
| 167 | Turks and Caicos Islands | -76.14 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 168 | Kenya | -76.7 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 50.0% | volatile |
| 169 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | -78.05 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 110.8% | volatile |
| 170 | Djibouti | -78.57 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 139.3% | volatile |
| 171 | Kyrgyzstan | -78.82 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 163.7% | volatile |
| 172 | Gibraltar | -80 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 20.0% | volatile |
| 173 | Barbados | -80.65 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 2,158.1% | volatile |
| 174 | Niue | -81.25 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 149.7% | volatile |
| 175 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | -81.69 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 149.0% | volatile |
| 176 | Peru | -83.81 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 211.0% | volatile |
| 177 | Libya | -85.87 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 178 | Guinea | -85.88 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 47.7% | volatile |
| 179 | Zimbabwe | -87.8 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 6,404.4% | volatile |
| 180 | Malawi | -88.51 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 132.5% | volatile |
| 181 | Palestine, State of | -88.66 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 650.8% | volatile |
| 182 | Antigua and Barbuda | -90.14 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 532.7% | volatile |
| 183 | Brunei Darussalam | -90.48 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 115.3% | volatile |
| 184 | Guyana | -91.6 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 6,037.4% | volatile |
| 185 | Comoros | -92.31 % change on previous year | 2024 | up 7.7% | volatile |
| 186 | Tonga | -94.67 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 108.8% | volatile |
| 187 | Curaçao | -95.35 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 138.4% | volatile |
| 188 | Greenland | -96 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 44.0% | volatile |
| 189 | Tuvalu | -96.88 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 138.8% | volatile |
| 190 | Ethiopia | -97.82 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 293.7% | volatile |
| 191 | Samoa | -97.89 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 126.7% | volatile |
| 192 | Afghanistan | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 2.4% | volatile |
| 192 | American Samoa | -100 % change on previous year | 2015 | — | volatile |
| 192 | Belize | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 132.4% | volatile |
| 192 | Central African Republic | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 18.2% | volatile |
| 192 | Dominica | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | unchanged | volatile |
| 192 | Eritrea | -100 % change on previous year | 2020 | down 30.8% | volatile |
| 192 | Guinea-Bissau | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | unchanged | volatile |
| 192 | Honduras | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 543.3% | volatile |
| 192 | Haiti | -100 % change on previous year | 2022 | down 26.0% | volatile |
| 192 | Marshall Islands | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 192 | Palau | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 258.5% | volatile |
| 192 | Rwanda | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 187.5% | volatile |
| 192 | Solomon Islands | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | unchanged | volatile |
| 192 | Somalia | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | — | volatile |
| 192 | South Sudan | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | unchanged | volatile |
| 192 | Suriname | -100 % change on previous year | 2023 | down 128.6% | volatile |
| 192 | Chad | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 210.4% | volatile |
| 192 | Vanuatu | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 124.4% | volatile |
| 192 | Yemen | -100 % change on previous year | 2021 | down 111.0% | volatile |
| 192 | Czechoslovakia | -100 % change on previous year | 1992 | — | volatile |
| 192 | Timor-Leste | -100 % change on previous year | 2021 | — | volatile |
| 192 | Pitcairn | -100 % change on previous year | 2010 | — | volatile |
| 192 | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | -100 % change on previous year | 2024 | down 68.6% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Middle Africa -43.51 % change on previous year
- Western Africa 28.12 % change on previous year
- Northern Africa 24.9 % change on previous year
- Africa 16.89 % change on previous year
- Southern Europe 11.68 % change on previous year
- Eastern Asia 9.75 % change on previous year
- Western Asia 7.1 % change on previous year
- Northern Europe 3.93 % change on previous year
- Asia 2.24 % change on previous year
- Europe 2.22 % change on previous year
- Eastern Europe 1.94 % change on previous year
- Southern Africa 1.85 % change on previous year
- World 1.27 % change on previous year
- Net Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDCs) 1.1 % change on previous year
- South-Eastern Asia -0.5797 % change on previous year
- Oceania -0.8126 % change on previous year
- United States of America -3.71 % change on previous year
- Northern America -4.37 % change on previous year
- Western Europe -4.96 % change on previous year
- Southern Asia -5.32 % change on previous year
- Americas -6.23 % change on previous year
- Least Developed Countries (LDCs) -6.24 % change on previous year
- Central Asia -13.56 % change on previous year
- Central America -14.75 % change on previous year
- South America -17.16 % change on previous year
- Caribbean -18.97 % change on previous year
- Small island developing States (SIDS) -26.5 % change on previous year
- Land Locked Developing Countries (LLDCs) -30.37 % change on previous year
- Low Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDCs) -44.07 % change on previous year
- Eastern Africa -45.8 % change on previous year
How this figure is calculated
The year-on-year percentage change in Veneer sheets — Import value. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.
Computed from
- Veneer sheets — Import value Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
The year-on-year percentage change in Veneer sheets — Import value. Computed from consecutive annual observations; years either side of a gap are skipped rather than bridged.