Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e), per square kilometre by country
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e) divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
What the numbers show
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e), per square kilometre is currently reported for 187 countries. The highest value is 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre in Singapore; the lowest is 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre in Tonga.
The median across all reporting countries is 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre, and the mean is 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre.
Over the past decade 98 countries rose and 67 fell. The largest increase was in Tajikistan (up 4,337.1%), and the largest decrease in Iceland (down 95.7%).
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt): full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Singapore | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.8% | volatile |
| 2 | Macao | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 8.2% | volatile |
| 3 | South Korea | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 19.6% | volatile |
| 4 | Vietnam | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 100.1% | volatile |
| 5 | India | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 63.2% | volatile |
| 6 | Qatar | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 104.1% | volatile |
| 7 | Maldives | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.8% | volatile |
| 8 | Belgium | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 17.6% | rising |
| 9 | Sri Lanka | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.3% | volatile |
| 10 | Bahrain | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.3% | volatile |
| 11 | Japan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 18.1% | flat |
| 12 | Eswatini | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.6% | volatile |
| 13 | North Korea | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 88.1% | falling |
| 14 | Austria | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 9.7% | rising |
| 15 | Thailand | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.8% | volatile |
| 16 | Hong Kong | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 76.3% | falling |
| 17 | Uganda | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 51.9% | volatile |
| 18 | Germany | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.2% | falling |
| 19 | Mauritius | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 50.0% | volatile |
| 20 | United Arab Emirates | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 18.3% | volatile |
| 21 | Barbados | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | falling |
| 22 | Switzerland | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.5% | rising |
| 23 | Sweden | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.0% | rising |
| 24 | Portugal | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.7% | rising |
| 25 | Finland | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.4% | rising |
| 26 | Luxembourg | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 46.7% | falling |
| 27 | Czechia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.0% | falling |
| 28 | China | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 40.8% | volatile |
| 29 | Nepal | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 80.3% | volatile |
| 30 | Slovakia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 8.4% | flat |
| 31 | Aruba | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 32 | Kuwait | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 20.0% | volatile |
| 33 | Indonesia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 96.2% | volatile |
| 34 | Cyprus | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 318.2% | rising |
| 35 | Netherlands | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.8% | falling |
| 36 | Poland | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 5.4% | falling |
| 37 | Gabon | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.2% | volatile |
| 38 | New Caledonia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 82.2% | volatile |
| 39 | Pakistan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 17.3% | rising |
| 40 | Jamaica | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 42.9% | falling |
| 41 | Dominican Republic | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.2% | falling |
| 42 | Uruguay | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 70.4% | volatile |
| 43 | Palau | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 43 | Seychelles | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | rising |
| 45 | United Kingdom | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.3% | falling |
| 46 | Cuba | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 24.7% | falling |
| 47 | Cayman Islands | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 48 | Latvia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 46.2% | volatile |
| 49 | Costa Rica | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 27.3% | rising |
| 50 | Cambodia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 86.9% | volatile |
| 51 | Bangladesh | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 152.7% | rising |
| 52 | Slovenia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 23.7% | rising |
| 53 | Lebanon | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.2% | volatile |
| 54 | Malta | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 55 | Philippines | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 8.0% | volatile |
| 56 | Denmark | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 11.0% | falling |
| 57 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 37.5% | volatile |
| 58 | Brazil | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 15.0% | rising |
| 59 | Spain | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.0% | rising |
| 60 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 61 | Rwanda | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 133.3% | volatile |
| 62 | France | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.7% | falling |
| 63 | Italy | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 0.5% | falling |
| 64 | Turkey | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 78.6% | volatile |
| 65 | Hungary | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 96.6% | falling |
| 66 | Nigeria | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 34.3% | volatile |
| 67 | Israel | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.7% | falling |
| 68 | United States | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.6% | falling |
| 69 | Ireland | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.9% | rising |
| 70 | South Africa | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 9.7% | rising |
| 71 | Haiti | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.8% | falling |
| 72 | El Salvador | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 70.8% | falling |
| 73 | Brunei | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.5% | volatile |
| 74 | Saint Lucia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 75 | Bulgaria | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.9% | falling |
| 76 | Chile | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 1.3% | rising |
| 77 | Paraguay | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.9% | rising |
| 78 | Fiji | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.7% | falling |
| 79 | Dominica | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 80 | Romania | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.2% | falling |
| 81 | Malawi | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | rising |
| 82 | Belize | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 47.4% | falling |
| 83 | Croatia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.9% | flat |
| 84 | Albania | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 65.0% | volatile |
| 85 | Lithuania | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.7% | rising |
| 86 | Bhutan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 27.2% | volatile |
| 87 | Malaysia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 38.4% | rising |
| 88 | New Zealand | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 14.4% | rising |
| 89 | Panama | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 27.5% | rising |
| 90 | Egypt | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 91.1% | rising |
| 91 | Honduras | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 51.1% | rising |
| 92 | Greece | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 27.6% | falling |
| 93 | Norway | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.6% | flat |
| 94 | Jordan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.9% | volatile |
| 95 | Tanzania | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 26.7% | rising |
| 96 | Mexico | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.6% | rising |
| 97 | Ecuador | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.0% | rising |
| 98 | Colombia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 48.1% | rising |
| 99 | Ghana | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 37.0% | rising |
| 100 | Belarus | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 13.1% | rising |
| 101 | Georgia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 27.1% | volatile |
| 102 | Guatemala | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 109.7% | volatile |
| 103 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 6.9% | volatile |
| 104 | Bahamas | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 50.0% | falling |
| 105 | North Macedonia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 58.3% | flat |
| 106 | Saudi Arabia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.7% | volatile |
| 107 | French Polynesia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 33.3% | volatile |
| 108 | Iran | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.1% | rising |
| 109 | Kenya | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 41.6% | rising |
| 110 | Comoros | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 111 | Iraq | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 24.7% | rising |
| 112 | Zambia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 62.0% | rising |
| 113 | Estonia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 71.7% | falling |
| 114 | Cape Verde | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 115 | Laos | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 12.5% | volatile |
| 116 | Tunisia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 3.3% | rising |
| 117 | Russia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 92.0% | volatile |
| 118 | Myanmar | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 3.3% | volatile |
| 119 | Ukraine | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 75.2% | falling |
| 120 | Bolivia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 5.2% | volatile |
| 121 | Canada | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 10.5% | flat |
| 122 | Samoa | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1.8% | volatile |
| 123 | Burundi | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 40.0% | falling |
| 124 | Morocco | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 21.9% | rising |
| 125 | Nicaragua | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 7.0% | falling |
| 126 | Zimbabwe | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 38.5% | falling |
| 127 | Madagascar | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 66.4% | volatile |
| 128 | Tajikistan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4,337.1% | volatile |
| 129 | Australia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 12.9% | rising |
| 130 | Uzbekistan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 74.4% | rising |
| 131 | Peru | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 7.5% | rising |
| 132 | Togo | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 100.0% | volatile |
| 133 | Benin | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 181.8% | volatile |
| 134 | Kazakhstan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 65.3% | falling |
| 135 | Oman | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 36.1% | volatile |
| 136 | Azerbaijan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 57.2% | falling |
| 137 | Syria | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 20.7% | falling |
| 138 | Equatorial Guinea | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 22.2% | volatile |
| 139 | Venezuela | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 70.5% | rising |
| 140 | Puerto Rico | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 66.7% | volatile |
| 141 | Sudan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 9.4% | falling |
| 142 | Guyana | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 54.9% | falling |
| 143 | Argentina | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 11.7% | falling |
| 144 | Afghanistan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 35.0% | volatile |
| 145 | Mozambique | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.0% | falling |
| 146 | Gambia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | flat |
| 147 | Senegal | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 39.7% | volatile |
| 148 | Ethiopia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 132.2% | volatile |
| 149 | Lesotho | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.0% | falling |
| 150 | Sierra Leone | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 10.0% | falling |
| 151 | Turkmenistan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 1,300.0% | volatile |
| 152 | Guinea-Bissau | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | falling |
| 153 | Armenia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 34.6% | volatile |
| 154 | Liberia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 18.2% | falling |
| 155 | East Timor | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 156 | Burkina Faso | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 25.0% | falling |
| 157 | Moldova | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 69.3% | rising |
| 158 | Guinea | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 21.7% | falling |
| 159 | Cote d'Ivoire | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 106.2% | rising |
| 160 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 82.2% | rising |
| 161 | Papua New Guinea | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 2.2% | volatile |
| 162 | Djibouti | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 163 | Vanuatu | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 164 | Kyrgyzstan | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 30.0% | volatile |
| 165 | Cameroon | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | rising |
| 166 | Yemen | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 56.1% | volatile |
| 167 | Angola | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 2.6% | rising |
| 168 | Congo | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 750.0% | volatile |
| 169 | Algeria | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 28.9% | rising |
| 170 | Mongolia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 6.3% | volatile |
| 171 | Somalia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 4.5% | falling |
| 172 | Solomon Islands | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 50.0% | volatile |
| 173 | Botswana | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 20.0% | volatile |
| 174 | Namibia | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 31.2% | volatile |
| 175 | Suriname | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.3% | volatile |
| 176 | Libya | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 44.8% | rising |
| 177 | Mali | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 83.3% | rising |
| 178 | Chad | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 33.3% | falling |
| 179 | Mauritania | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 100.0% | rising |
| 180 | Central African Republic | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 133.3% | volatile |
| 181 | Iceland | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | down 95.7% | volatile |
| 182 | Eritrea | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 183 | Niger | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | up 40.0% | volatile |
| 184 | Greenland | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | unchanged | volatile |
| 185 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 185 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | — | volatile |
| 185 | Tonga | 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre | 2023 | — | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- South Asia 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- European Union 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Euro area 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Lower middle income 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- East Asia & Pacific 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Central Europe and the Baltics 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Middle income 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Early-demographic dividend 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Upper middle income 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- IBRD only 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Low & middle income 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Late-demographic dividend 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- IDA & IBRD total 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- World 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Latin America & Caribbean 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- OECD members 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Post-demographic dividend 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- IDA blend 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- North America 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Other small states 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- High income 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Europe & Central Asia 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Small states 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- IDA total 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Africa Eastern and Southern 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Pacific island small states 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Sub-Saharan Africa 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
- Africa Western and Central 0 Mt CO2e per square kilometre
How this figure is calculated
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e) divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e) ÷ Land area (sq. km)
Computed from
- Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, Joint Research Centre (JRC) - European Commission
- Land area FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Statizoid computes this series; the underlying measurements belong to the publishers named above. The arithmetic is applied to every country and year where both inputs report, and nothing is estimated unless the page says so.
About this data
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e) divided by Land area (sq. km), matched on country and year. Neither publisher issues this ratio as a series; it is computed here from both.