Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF per capita (t CO2e/capita) by country
Total annual emissions of the six greenhouse gases (GHG) covered by the Kyoto Protocol (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)) from the energy, industry, waste, and agriculture sectors, standardized to carbon...
Countries reporting
203
Highest
86.68 t CO2e/capita
Palau
Lowest
0.0926 t CO2e/capita
Northern Mariana Islands
Median
4.11 t CO2e/capita
Years covered
55
1970–2024
Data points
13,750
What the numbers show
Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF per capita (t CO2e/capita) is currently reported for 203 countries. The highest value is 86.68 t CO2e/capita in Palau; the lowest is 0.0926 t CO2e/capita in Northern Mariana Islands.
The median across all reporting countries is 4.11 t CO2e/capita, and the mean is 6.52 t CO2e/capita.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 936.
Over the past decade 94 countries rose and 109 fell. The largest increase was in Lao People's Democratic Republic (up 118.9%), and the largest decrease in Equatorial Guinea (down 57.2%).
Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF per capita: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Palau | 86.68 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 16.1% | falling |
| 2 | Qatar | 56.95 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 9.8% | volatile |
| 3 | Bahrain | 40.55 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 9.4% | falling |
| 4 | Kuwait | 35.39 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 7.0% | falling |
| 5 | Mongolia | 29.61 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 59.5% | rising |
| 6 | Brunei Darussalam | 25.64 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 1.9% | flat |
| 7 | Oman | 25.04 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 3.3% | flat |
| 8 | Trinidad and Tobago | 24.55 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 24.6% | rising |
| 9 | United Arab Emirates | 24.04 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 19.9% | volatile |
| 10 | Saudi Arabia | 23.76 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 6.7% | falling |
| 11 | Australia | 21.75 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 14.5% | flat |
| 12 | Canada | 18.61 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 15.0% | falling |
| 13 | New Caledonia | 18.39 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 0.3% | rising |
| 14 | Russian Federation | 17.93 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 15.8% | flat |
| 15 | United States of America | 17.39 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 14.4% | falling |
| 16 | Gibraltar | 16.75 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 1.5% | volatile |
| 17 | Kazakhstan | 16.04 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 4.1% | falling |
| 18 | Turkmenistan | 15.32 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 4.1% | rising |
| 19 | New Zealand | 14.71 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 23.9% | falling |
| 20 | Libya | 13.3 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 6.3% | volatile |
| 21 | Uruguay | 13.18 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 12.7% | rising |
| 22 | Republic of Korea | 12.91 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 6.7% | rising |
| 23 | Singapore | 12.6 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 7.9% | rising |
| 24 | Luxembourg | 11.9 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 38.7% | falling |
| 25 | Greenland | 11.6 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 19.7% | volatile |
| 26 | Iran, Islamic Republic of | 11.52 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 17.3% | rising |
| 27 | Iceland | 11.08 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 21.9% | falling |
| 28 | Ireland | 11.06 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 22.2% | falling |
| 29 | China | 11.03 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 15.5% | volatile |
| 30 | Guyana | 10.51 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 77.6% | rising |
| 31 | Estonia | 10.3 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 51.0% | falling |
| 32 | Norway | 9.65 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 20.0% | falling |
| 33 | Belarus | 9.58 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 7.1% | falling |
| 34 | Poland | 9.52 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 6.1% | falling |
| 35 | Malaysia | 9.34 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 0.2% | rising |
| 36 | Czechia | 9.2 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 26.6% | falling |
| 37 | Belgium | 9.09 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 16.8% | falling |
| 38 | Iraq | 8.98 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 23.6% | falling |
| 39 | South Africa | 8.9 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 19.0% | falling |
| 40 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 8.73 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 11.6% | rising |
| 41 | Finland | 8.66 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 27.8% | falling |
| 42 | Gabon | 8.58 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 17.4% | falling |
| 43 | Japan | 8.58 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 20.1% | flat |
| 44 | Argentina | 8.19 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 2.0% | falling |
| 45 | Slovenia | 8.15 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 10.0% | flat |
| 46 | Germany | 8.07 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 27.3% | falling |
| 47 | Netherlands | 8.06 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 29.8% | falling |
| 48 | Seychelles | 8.05 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 27.0% | volatile |
| 49 | Austria | 7.74 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 18.2% | falling |
| 50 | Israel | 7.66 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 20.8% | falling |
| 51 | Lithuania | 7.46 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 8.6% | falling |
| 52 | Bulgaria | 7.25 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 15.3% | falling |
| 53 | Slovakia | 7.19 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 9.5% | falling |
| 54 | Croatia | 6.94 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 16.9% | flat |
| 55 | Cyprus | 6.88 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 0.9% | rising |
| 56 | Greece | 6.87 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 19.5% | rising |
| 57 | Türkiye | 6.78 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 15.8% | rising |
| 58 | Denmark | 6.4 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 28.3% | falling |
| 59 | Hungary | 6.32 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 1.6% | falling |
| 60 | Italy | 6.3 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 10.3% | falling |
| 61 | Uzbekistan | 6.26 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 6.2% | falling |
| 62 | Latvia | 6.24 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 1.9% | falling |
| 63 | Brazil | 6.13 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 1.8% | rising |
| 64 | Paraguay | 5.98 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 11.7% | rising |
| 65 | Chile | 5.98 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 3.8% | rising |
| 66 | Thailand | 5.89 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 4.6% | rising |
| 67 | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 5.89 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 36.7% | falling |
| 68 | Spain | 5.85 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 18.4% | rising |
| 69 | Viet Nam | 5.79 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 65.7% | volatile |
| 70 | Suriname | 5.78 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 13.3% | rising |
| 71 | Azerbaijan | 5.71 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 2.6% | falling |
| 72 | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 5.58 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 33.8% | falling |
| 73 | France | 5.52 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 19.8% | falling |
| 74 | Puerto Rico | 5.5 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 40.1% | falling |
| 75 | Cayman Islands | 5.45 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 26.7% | rising |
| 76 | Aruba | 5.45 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 23.9% | rising |
| 77 | Algeria | 5.4 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 3.4% | flat |
| 78 | North Macedonia | 5.38 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 5.9% | falling |
| 79 | Hong Kong, China | 5.36 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 26.4% | rising |
| 80 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 5.35 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 118.9% | volatile |
| 81 | Romania | 5.35 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 4.4% | falling |
| 82 | Mexico | 5.25 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 6.6% | rising |
| 83 | Ukraine | 5.2 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 35.7% | falling |
| 84 | Mauritius | 5.19 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 19.5% | volatile |
| 85 | Georgia | 5.14 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 15.7% | falling |
| 86 | Bolivia, Plurinational State of | 5.14 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 17.6% | falling |
| 87 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 5.11 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 105.6% | volatile |
| 88 | Chad | 4.98 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 22.4% | rising |
| 89 | Sweden | 4.97 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 17.4% | falling |
| 90 | Portugal | 4.97 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 19.7% | rising |
| 91 | Republic of Moldova | 4.85 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 22.4% | volatile |
| 92 | Botswana | 4.8 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 18.9% | falling |
| 93 | Switzerland | 4.77 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 22.0% | falling |
| 94 | Bermuda | 4.73 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 0.1% | rising |
| 95 | Namibia | 4.69 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 0.3% | falling |
| 96 | Indonesia | 4.67 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 41.9% | rising |
| 97 | Bahamas | 4.6 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 19.8% | falling |
| 98 | Antigua and Barbuda | 4.55 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 16.2% | rising |
| 99 | Dominican Republic | 4.51 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 33.0% | rising |
| 100 | Equatorial Guinea | 4.3 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 57.2% | volatile |
| 101 | Panama | 4.26 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 0.3% | rising |
| 102 | Colombia | 4.11 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 3.4% | flat |
| 103 | Ecuador | 4.1 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 8.9% | rising |
| 104 | Maldives | 3.97 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 30.3% | volatile |
| 105 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 3.96 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 38.7% | rising |
| 106 | Malta | 3.94 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 38.7% | rising |
| 107 | Congo | 3.89 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 4.3% | flat |
| 108 | French Polynesia | 3.84 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 2.1% | rising |
| 109 | Tunisia | 3.63 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 2.5% | rising |
| 110 | Armenia | 3.55 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 19.4% | falling |
| 111 | Bhutan | 3.55 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 11.0% | rising |
| 112 | Korea, Democratic People's Republic of | 3.44 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 27.0% | falling |
| 113 | Mauritania | 3.39 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 1.7% | falling |
| 114 | Costa Rica | 3.33 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 8.0% | falling |
| 115 | Jamaica | 3.32 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 8.6% | falling |
| 116 | Egypt | 3.32 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 0.5% | rising |
| 117 | Cuba | 3.28 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 16.2% | falling |
| 118 | Lebanon | 3.24 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 32.0% | rising |
| 119 | Barbados | 3.23 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 4.4% | rising |
| 120 | Kyrgyzstan | 3.1 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 5.7% | volatile |
| 121 | Peru | 3.03 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 7.7% | rising |
| 122 | Jordan | 3.02 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 18.7% | rising |
| 123 | India | 3.01 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 21.5% | rising |
| 124 | Albania | 3 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 6.8% | falling |
| 125 | Fiji | 2.96 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 9.6% | rising |
| 126 | Morocco | 2.86 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 6.9% | rising |
| 127 | Cambodia | 2.83 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 30.2% | rising |
| 128 | Tonga | 2.81 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 22.0% | rising |
| 129 | Nicaragua | 2.77 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 2.0% | flat |
| 130 | Sudan | 2.75 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 15.8% | flat |
| 131 | British Virgin Islands | 2.74 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 6.5% | rising |
| 132 | Macau, China | 2.65 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 24.2% | rising |
| 133 | Saint Lucia | 2.61 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 51.5% | rising |
| 134 | Central African Republic | 2.52 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 1.8% | rising |
| 135 | Belize | 2.48 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 17.5% | rising |
| 136 | Samoa | 2.39 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 6.2% | rising |
| 137 | Guatemala | 2.36 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 11.8% | rising |
| 138 | Eswatini | 2.36 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 7.5% | falling |
| 139 | El Salvador | 2.33 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 23.5% | rising |
| 140 | Dominica | 2.3 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 21.4% | rising |
| 141 | Philippines | 2.3 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 31.8% | rising |
| 142 | Honduras | 2.25 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 1.4% | rising |
| 143 | Myanmar | 2.16 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 9.0% | rising |
| 144 | Tajikistan | 2.1 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 21.6% | falling |
| 145 | Pakistan | 2.09 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 8.7% | rising |
| 146 | Djibouti | 2.07 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 3.9% | falling |
| 147 | Grenada | 2.06 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 44.8% | rising |
| 148 | Guinea | 1.99 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 23.5% | rising |
| 149 | Mali | 1.96 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 16.8% | rising |
| 150 | Vanuatu | 1.93 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 28.8% | falling |
| 151 | Syrian Arab Republic | 1.91 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 17.6% | falling |
| 152 | Eritrea | 1.86 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 3.6% | falling |
| 153 | Zimbabwe | 1.85 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 4.1% | falling |
| 154 | Angola | 1.85 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 36.5% | falling |
| 155 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1.84 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 36.2% | rising |
| 156 | Kenya | 1.82 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 4.9% | flat |
| 157 | Somalia | 1.81 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 22.9% | falling |
| 158 | Zambia | 1.81 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 12.4% | falling |
| 159 | Faroe Islands | 1.77 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 9.1% | falling |
| 160 | Cape Verde | 1.74 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 10.0% | rising |
| 161 | Senegal | 1.71 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 11.2% | rising |
| 162 | Sri Lanka | 1.7 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 17.1% | rising |
| 163 | Niger | 1.52 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 2.5% | falling |
| 164 | Nigeria | 1.51 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 19.2% | falling |
| 165 | Tanzania, United Republic of | 1.5 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 12.7% | flat |
| 166 | Burkina Faso | 1.48 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 1.0% | rising |
| 167 | Ethiopia | 1.46 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 3.1% | falling |
| 168 | Guinea-Bissau | 1.45 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 8.5% | rising |
| 169 | Nepal | 1.4 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 0.4% | rising |
| 170 | Ghana | 1.4 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 19.9% | rising |
| 171 | Cameroon | 1.39 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 12.8% | falling |
| 172 | Timor-Leste | 1.39 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 24.2% | rising |
| 173 | Lesotho | 1.31 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 3.5% | falling |
| 174 | Togo | 1.29 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 23.5% | rising |
| 175 | Bangladesh | 1.27 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 19.4% | rising |
| 176 | Benin | 1.23 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 4.7% | rising |
| 177 | Côte d'Ivoire | 1.19 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 15.5% | flat |
| 178 | Haiti | 1.17 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 6.8% | flat |
| 179 | Uganda | 1.15 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 0.8% | rising |
| 180 | Madagascar | 1.12 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 10.9% | falling |
| 181 | Comoros | 1.1 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 36.6% | rising |
| 182 | Sao Tome and Principe | 1.04 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 4.3% | rising |
| 183 | Papua New Guinea | 1.02 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 9.6% | flat |
| 184 | Mozambique | 0.9709 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 1.2% | rising |
| 185 | Sierra Leone | 0.9174 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 6.0% | rising |
| 186 | Malawi | 0.8785 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 9.0% | rising |
| 187 | Kiribati | 0.8564 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 12.0% | rising |
| 188 | Yemen | 0.8107 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 52.6% | rising |
| 189 | Liberia | 0.7946 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 11.7% | falling |
| 190 | Afghanistan | 0.7746 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 10.4% | falling |
| 191 | Solomon Islands | 0.7566 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 23.7% | falling |
| 192 | Gambia | 0.6737 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | down 24.4% | falling |
| 193 | Burundi | 0.5995 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 13.5% | falling |
| 194 | Rwanda | 0.5857 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 7.0% | falling |
| 195 | Micronesia, Federated States of | 0.5426 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 23.0% | rising |
| 196 | Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 0.5353 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 3.0% | falling |
| 197 | Tuvalu | 0.425 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 22.9% | rising |
| 198 | United States Virgin Islands | 0.2347 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 3.8% | falling |
| 199 | American Samoa | 0.1903 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 15.6% | falling |
| 200 | Naoero | 0.1172 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 4.9% | rising |
| 201 | Guam | 0.1073 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 8.3% | falling |
| 202 | Marshall Islands | 0.1065 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 82.9% | rising |
| 203 | Northern Mariana Islands | 0.0926 t CO2e/capita | 2024 | up 27.1% | rising |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- North America 17.52 t CO2e/capita
- European Union 7.03 t CO2e/capita
- High income 12.5 t CO2e/capita
- Euro area 6.89 t CO2e/capita
- Caribbean Small States 11.33 t CO2e/capita
- Post-demographic dividend 11.18 t CO2e/capita
- Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) 10.69 t CO2e/capita
- OECD members 10.2 t CO2e/capita
- Late-demographic dividend 10.1 t CO2e/capita
- East Asia & Pacific 9.06 t CO2e/capita
- East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) 8.89 t CO2e/capita
- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) 8.82 t CO2e/capita
- Europe & Central Asia 8.65 t CO2e/capita
- Upper middle income 8.33 t CO2e/capita
- Central Europe and the Baltics 7.88 t CO2e/capita
- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) 7.14 t CO2e/capita
- IBRD only 6.84 t CO2e/capita
- Arab World 6.71 t CO2e/capita
- World 6.36 t CO2e/capita
- Small states 6.22 t CO2e/capita
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan 5.9 t CO2e/capita
- Middle income 5.53 t CO2e/capita
- IDA & IBRD total 5.4 t CO2e/capita
- Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) 5.34 t CO2e/capita
- Latin America & Caribbean 5.3 t CO2e/capita
- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) 5.22 t CO2e/capita
- Other small states 5.18 t CO2e/capita
- Low & middle income 5.08 t CO2e/capita
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (excluding high income) 4.15 t CO2e/capita
- Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan & Pakistan (IDA & IBRD) 4.15 t CO2e/capita
- Early-demographic dividend 3.78 t CO2e/capita
- South Asia 2.79 t CO2e/capita
- South Asia (IDA & IBRD) 2.79 t CO2e/capita
- Lower middle income 2.58 t CO2e/capita
- Pacific island small states 2.4 t CO2e/capita
- Africa Eastern and Southern 2.04 t CO2e/capita
- IDA blend 2.02 t CO2e/capita
- Sub-Saharan Africa 1.91 t CO2e/capita
- Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) 1.91 t CO2e/capita
- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) 1.91 t CO2e/capita
About this data
Total annual emissions of the six greenhouse gases (GHG) covered by the Kyoto Protocol (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)) from the energy, industry, waste, and agriculture sectors, standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values divided by the economy's population. This measure excludes GHG fluxes caused by Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF), as these fluxes have larger uncertainties.