Exposure to drought — Cropland soil moisture anomaly by country
The dataset provides annual anomalies in land and cropland soil moisture content of the top soil layer compared to the reference period 1981-2010. Exposure indicators to drought have been prepared by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Please see the working paper for a more complete...
Countries reporting
192
Highest
53.87 Percentage change
United Arab Emirates
Lowest
-13.81 Percentage change
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Median
-4.78 Percentage change
Years covered
44
1981–2024
Data points
41,095
What the numbers show
Exposure to drought — Cropland soil moisture anomaly is currently reported for 192 countries. The highest value is 53.87 Percentage change in United Arab Emirates; the lowest is -13.81 Percentage change in Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The median across all reporting countries is -4.78 Percentage change, and the mean is -5.53 Percentage change.
The gap between the highest and lowest reporting country is a factor of about 4.
Over the past decade 51 countries rose and 141 fell. The largest increase was in Oman (up 5,710.8%), and the largest decrease in Hong Kong (down 9,663.5%).
Exposure to drought — Cropland soil moisture anomaly: full country ranking
| # | Country | Latest | Year | 10-year change | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United Arab Emirates | 53.87 Percentage change | 2024 | up 359.5% | volatile |
| 2 | Oman | 50.85 Percentage change | 2024 | up 5,710.8% | volatile |
| 3 | Qatar | 12.61 Percentage change | 2024 | up 297.0% | volatile |
| 4 | Niger | 10.15 Percentage change | 2024 | up 491.1% | volatile |
| 4 | Cabo Verde | 2.59 Percentage change | 2024 | up 167.4% | volatile |
| 5 | Monaco | 7.65 Percentage change | 2024 | up 114.8% | volatile |
| 6 | Luxembourg | 7.48 Percentage change | 2024 | up 1,374.3% | volatile |
| 7 | Réunion | 6.84 Percentage change | 2024 | up 155.5% | volatile |
| 8 | France | 5.25 Percentage change | 2024 | up 193.5% | volatile |
| 8 | Caribbean | -0.1408 Percentage change | 2024 | up 96.9% | volatile |
| 9 | Kazakhstan | 4.99 Percentage change | 2024 | up 286.5% | volatile |
| 10 | Belgium | 4.82 Percentage change | 2024 | up 126.7% | volatile |
| 10 | Ethiopia | -1.55 Percentage change | 2024 | down 501.5% | volatile |
| 11 | Isle of Man | 4.76 Percentage change | 2024 | up 366.2% | volatile |
| 12 | India | 4.76 Percentage change | 2024 | up 1,396.4% | volatile |
| 13 | Puerto Rico | 4.71 Percentage change | 2024 | up 172.6% | volatile |
| 13 | Mauritania | -2.27 Percentage change | 2024 | up 77.3% | volatile |
| 14 | San Marino | 3.23 Percentage change | 2024 | down 74.5% | volatile |
| 15 | Tanzania | 2.43 Percentage change | 2024 | up 355.2% | volatile |
| 16 | Martinique | 2.33 Percentage change | 2024 | up 139.7% | volatile |
| 17 | Liechtenstein | 1.94 Percentage change | 2024 | up 31.3% | volatile |
| 18 | Sri Lanka | 1.72 Percentage change | 2024 | down 8.6% | volatile |
| 19 | Denmark | 1.63 Percentage change | 2024 | up 532.9% | volatile |
| 20 | Dominican Republic | 1.26 Percentage change | 2024 | up 111.0% | volatile |
| 21 | United Kingdom | 1.22 Percentage change | 2024 | down 59.7% | volatile |
| 22 | El Salvador | 1.19 Percentage change | 2024 | up 148.4% | volatile |
| 23 | Andorra | 1.16 Percentage change | 2024 | down 63.7% | volatile |
| 24 | Singapore | 1.15 Percentage change | 2024 | up 117.2% | volatile |
| 25 | Jamaica | 1.09 Percentage change | 2024 | up 112.6% | volatile |
| 26 | Spain | 1.05 Percentage change | 2024 | down 29.1% | volatile |
| 27 | Nicaragua | 0.9954 Percentage change | 2024 | up 248.0% | volatile |
| 27 | Fiji | -5.58 Percentage change | 2024 | down 6.1% | volatile |
| 28 | Vanuatu | 0.8656 Percentage change | 2024 | up 206.1% | volatile |
| 29 | Samoa | 0.7346 Percentage change | 2024 | up 678.1% | volatile |
| 30 | New Caledonia | 0.4553 Percentage change | 2024 | up 117.6% | volatile |
| 31 | Solomon Islands | 0.4193 Percentage change | 2024 | down 17.5% | volatile |
| 32 | Burkina Faso | 0.4048 Percentage change | 2024 | up 106.6% | volatile |
| 33 | Germany | 0.2544 Percentage change | 2024 | down 74.7% | volatile |
| 34 | Gambia | 0.1836 Percentage change | 2024 | up 104.1% | volatile |
| 34 | Equatorial Guinea | -7.05 Percentage change | 2024 | down 281.3% | volatile |
| 35 | Timor-Leste | 2.87 Percentage change | 2024 | up 164.2% | volatile |
| 35 | Portugal | -0.0172 Percentage change | 2024 | down 100.2% | volatile |
| 36 | Cuba | -0.1726 Percentage change | 2024 | up 89.1% | volatile |
| 37 | Italy | -0.3373 Percentage change | 2024 | down 105.1% | volatile |
| 38 | North Korea | -0.5584 Percentage change | 2024 | up 95.0% | volatile |
| 38 | Madagascar | -7.67 Percentage change | 2024 | down 542.8% | volatile |
| 39 | Senegal | -0.6365 Percentage change | 2024 | up 89.8% | volatile |
| 40 | Malaysia | -0.6686 Percentage change | 2024 | up 58.5% | volatile |
| 41 | Mali | -0.6902 Percentage change | 2024 | up 89.5% | volatile |
| 41 | Eswatini | -8.54 Percentage change | 2024 | down 79.3% | volatile |
| 42 | Canada | -1.22 Percentage change | 2024 | down 128.2% | volatile |
| 43 | Panama | -1.31 Percentage change | 2024 | down 28.4% | volatile |
| 44 | Sao Tome and Principe | -1.39 Percentage change | 2024 | down 629.6% | volatile |
| 45 | Iraq | -1.69 Percentage change | 2024 | down 119.2% | volatile |
| 46 | Belize | -1.84 Percentage change | 2024 | down 139.9% | volatile |
| 47 | Albania | -1.85 Percentage change | 2024 | down 120.8% | volatile |
| 48 | Kenya | -1.88 Percentage change | 2024 | down 212.8% | volatile |
| 49 | Trinidad and Tobago | -1.92 Percentage change | 2024 | up 33.6% | volatile |
| 49 | Moldova | -11.19 Percentage change | 2024 | down 122.6% | volatile |
| 50 | Finland | -1.95 Percentage change | 2024 | down 408.7% | volatile |
| 51 | Ireland | -2 Percentage change | 2024 | down 309.2% | volatile |
| 52 | Indonesia | -2.07 Percentage change | 2024 | up 19.5% | volatile |
| 53 | Kyrgyzstan | -2.08 Percentage change | 2024 | up 53.8% | volatile |
| 54 | Uzbekistan | -2.08 Percentage change | 2024 | down 792.7% | volatile |
| 55 | Kosovo | -2.21 Percentage change | 2024 | down 140.4% | volatile |
| 56 | Angola | -2.22 Percentage change | 2024 | down 194.8% | volatile |
| 57 | Papua New Guinea | -2.26 Percentage change | 2024 | down 284.7% | volatile |
| 58 | Comoros | -2.28 Percentage change | 2024 | up 68.1% | volatile |
| 59 | Sweden | -2.47 Percentage change | 2024 | down 279.5% | volatile |
| 60 | Uruguay | -2.52 Percentage change | 2024 | down 130.9% | volatile |
| 61 | Honduras | -2.54 Percentage change | 2024 | down 581.4% | volatile |
| 61 | Croatia | -15.86 Percentage change | 2024 | down 297.0% | volatile |
| 62 | China | -2.6 Percentage change | 2024 | up 22.5% | volatile |
| 63 | Afghanistan | -2.79 Percentage change | 2024 | down 296.9% | volatile |
| 64 | OECD | -2.94 Percentage change | 2024 | down 559.1% | volatile |
| 65 | French Guiana | -3.04 Percentage change | 2024 | up 39.5% | volatile |
| 66 | Georgia | -3.08 Percentage change | 2024 | down 116.5% | volatile |
| 67 | Norway | -3.12 Percentage change | 2024 | down 3,035.3% | volatile |
| 67 | Lesotho | -26.87 Percentage change | 2024 | down 44.5% | volatile |
| 68 | Netherlands | 0.8288 Percentage change | 2024 | down 69.3% | volatile |
| 68 | Japan | -3.21 Percentage change | 2024 | down 453.2% | volatile |
| 69 | Guinea-Bissau | -3.26 Percentage change | 2024 | down 456.2% | volatile |
| 70 | United States | -3.62 Percentage change | 2024 | down 491.2% | volatile |
| 71 | Costa Rica | -3.64 Percentage change | 2024 | down 197.9% | volatile |
| 72 | Haiti | -3.67 Percentage change | 2024 | up 69.3% | volatile |
| 73 | Burundi | -3.8 Percentage change | 2024 | down 339.2% | volatile |
| 74 | Chile | -3.81 Percentage change | 2024 | down 613.1% | volatile |
| 75 | Iran | -3.86 Percentage change | 2024 | down 281.3% | volatile |
| 76 | Mongolia | -3.89 Percentage change | 2024 | up 26.7% | volatile |
| 77 | Myanmar | -3.91 Percentage change | 2024 | down 23.2% | volatile |
| 78 | Saudi Arabia | -3.96 Percentage change | 2024 | up 72.8% | volatile |
| 79 | Australia | -4.11 Percentage change | 2024 | up 8.1% | volatile |
| 80 | Australia and New Zealand | -4.22 Percentage change | 2024 | up 4.3% | volatile |
| 81 | Faroe Islands | -4.28 Percentage change | 2023 | down 255.5% | volatile |
| 82 | Czechia | -4.29 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,103.1% | volatile |
| 83 | Mauritius | -4.36 Percentage change | 2024 | down 254.8% | volatile |
| 84 | Taiwan | -4.56 Percentage change | 2024 | down 868.9% | volatile |
| 85 | Chad | -4.65 Percentage change | 2024 | up 12.1% | volatile |
| 86 | Nigeria | -4.67 Percentage change | 2024 | down 329.8% | volatile |
| 87 | Pakistan | -4.74 Percentage change | 2024 | up 2.9% | volatile |
| 88 | Austria | -4.85 Percentage change | 2024 | down 242.4% | volatile |
| 89 | Thailand | -4.93 Percentage change | 2024 | down 126.4% | volatile |
| 90 | Armenia | -5.33 Percentage change | 2024 | down 429.6% | volatile |
| 91 | Nepal | -5.59 Percentage change | 2024 | down 375.2% | volatile |
| 92 | Cambodia | -5.73 Percentage change | 2024 | down 233.1% | volatile |
| 93 | Philippines | -5.82 Percentage change | 2024 | down 300.8% | volatile |
| 94 | Bangladesh | -5.96 Percentage change | 2024 | up 28.8% | volatile |
| 95 | Guyana | -5.97 Percentage change | 2024 | down 967.9% | volatile |
| 96 | Colombia | -5.98 Percentage change | 2024 | down 105.2% | volatile |
| 97 | Gabon | -6.16 Percentage change | 2024 | down 280.0% | volatile |
| 98 | Russia | -6.35 Percentage change | 2024 | down 0.8% | volatile |
| 99 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | -6.59 Percentage change | 2024 | down 193.0% | volatile |
| 100 | Lebanon | -6.62 Percentage change | 2024 | down 72.2% | volatile |
| 101 | Suriname | -6.65 Percentage change | 2024 | down 2,961.8% | volatile |
| 102 | Malta | -6.82 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,165.8% | volatile |
| 103 | Tajikistan | -6.87 Percentage change | 2024 | down 180.1% | volatile |
| 104 | Cyprus | -6.98 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,575.6% | volatile |
| 105 | Rwanda | -7 Percentage change | 2024 | down 695.1% | volatile |
| 106 | Azerbaijan | -7.19 Percentage change | 2024 | down 21.1% | volatile |
| 107 | Hungary | -7.27 Percentage change | 2024 | down 211.8% | volatile |
| 108 | Belarus | -7.37 Percentage change | 2024 | down 8.2% | volatile |
| 109 | North Macedonia | -7.73 Percentage change | 2024 | down 177.7% | volatile |
| 110 | Venezuela | -7.99 Percentage change | 2024 | down 57.7% | volatile |
| 111 | Peru | -8.05 Percentage change | 2024 | down 4,982.6% | volatile |
| 112 | Switzerland | -8.26 Percentage change | 2024 | down 944.1% | volatile |
| 113 | Eritrea | -8.37 Percentage change | 2024 | down 570.3% | volatile |
| 114 | Somalia | -8.41 Percentage change | 2024 | up 8.0% | volatile |
| 115 | Ecuador | -8.54 Percentage change | 2024 | down 3,802.3% | volatile |
| 116 | Guatemala | -8.55 Percentage change | 2024 | down 594.8% | volatile |
| 117 | Bulgaria | -8.72 Percentage change | 2024 | down 185.2% | volatile |
| 118 | Greece | -8.78 Percentage change | 2024 | down 216.6% | volatile |
| 119 | Brazil | -8.85 Percentage change | 2024 | down 133.6% | volatile |
| 120 | Uganda | -9.05 Percentage change | 2024 | down 63.8% | volatile |
| 121 | Yemen | -9.26 Percentage change | 2024 | down 13.6% | volatile |
| 122 | Malawi | -9.3 Percentage change | 2024 | down 189.6% | volatile |
| 123 | Laos | -9.34 Percentage change | 2024 | down 332.4% | volatile |
| 124 | Liberia | -9.35 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,349.7% | volatile |
| 125 | Cameroon | -9.58 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,526.7% | volatile |
| 126 | Egypt | -9.8 Percentage change | 2024 | down 767.1% | volatile |
| 127 | Guinea | -10.04 Percentage change | 2024 | down 2,010.9% | volatile |
| 128 | Côte d’Ivoire | -10.1 Percentage change | 2024 | down 4,158.0% | volatile |
| 129 | Ghana | -10.12 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,356.4% | volatile |
| 130 | French Polynesia | -10.22 Percentage change | 2024 | down 297.6% | volatile |
| 131 | Congo | -10.3 Percentage change | 2024 | down 495.7% | volatile |
| 132 | Sudan | -10.59 Percentage change | 2024 | down 430.6% | volatile |
| 133 | Northern Mariana Islands | -10.62 Percentage change | 2024 | down 155.2% | volatile |
| 134 | Sierra Leone | -11 Percentage change | 2024 | down 5,186.5% | volatile |
| 135 | Romania | -11.25 Percentage change | 2024 | down 665.1% | volatile |
| 136 | New Zealand | -11.63 Percentage change | 2024 | down 5,754.0% | volatile |
| 137 | Montenegro | -11.77 Percentage change | 2024 | down 251.7% | volatile |
| 138 | Turkmenistan | -11.78 Percentage change | 2024 | down 79.9% | volatile |
| 139 | Tunisia | -11.91 Percentage change | 2024 | down 670.1% | volatile |
| 140 | Ukraine | -12.07 Percentage change | 2024 | down 35.6% | volatile |
| 141 | Benin | -12.23 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,026.0% | volatile |
| 142 | South Africa | -12.27 Percentage change | 2024 | down 73.3% | volatile |
| 143 | Argentina | -12.38 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,069.0% | volatile |
| 144 | Serbia | -12.53 Percentage change | 2024 | down 234.1% | volatile |
| 145 | Zambia | -12.69 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,974.3% | volatile |
| 146 | Morocco | -13.23 Percentage change | 2024 | down 700.5% | volatile |
| 147 | Mozambique | -13.77 Percentage change | 2024 | down 292.5% | volatile |
| 148 | Togo | -13.93 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,626.4% | volatile |
| 149 | Palestine | -14.08 Percentage change | 2024 | down 102.1% | volatile |
| 150 | Bolivia | -14.22 Percentage change | 2024 | down 743.6% | volatile |
| 151 | Israel | -14.64 Percentage change | 2024 | down 218.5% | volatile |
| 152 | Jordan | -16.06 Percentage change | 2024 | down 32.4% | volatile |
| 153 | Libya | -16.38 Percentage change | 2024 | down 238.7% | volatile |
| 154 | Algeria | -16.45 Percentage change | 2024 | down 534.0% | volatile |
| 155 | Mexico | -16.64 Percentage change | 2024 | down 296.4% | volatile |
| 156 | Paraguay | -17.27 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,610.3% | volatile |
| 157 | South Sudan | -17.7 Percentage change | 2024 | down 310.9% | volatile |
| 158 | Bhutan | -18.02 Percentage change | 2024 | down 851.2% | volatile |
| 159 | Zimbabwe | -19.02 Percentage change | 2024 | down 673.1% | volatile |
| 160 | Guadeloupe | -19.86 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,522.1% | volatile |
| 161 | Central African Republic | -21.11 Percentage change | 2024 | down 208.0% | volatile |
| 162 | Melanesia | -2.29 Percentage change | 2024 | down 458.9% | volatile |
| 162 | Botswana | -21.81 Percentage change | 2024 | down 312.1% | volatile |
| 163 | Namibia | -26.2 Percentage change | 2024 | down 394.6% | volatile |
| 164 | Barbados | -31.2 Percentage change | 2024 | down 547.9% | volatile |
| 165 | Brunei Darussalam | -37.06 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,737.4% | volatile |
| 166 | Hong Kong | -38.11 Percentage change | 2024 | down 9,663.5% | volatile |
| 167 | Kuwait | -39.71 Percentage change | 2024 | down 232.3% | volatile |
| 174 | Polynesia | -2.58 Percentage change | 2024 | down 258.3% | volatile |
| 240 | Türkiye | -4.13 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,889.3% | volatile |
| 273 | Viet Nam | -4.81 Percentage change | 2024 | down 3,082.4% | volatile |
| 280 | Latvia | -5.13 Percentage change | 2024 | down 1,086.0% | volatile |
| 336 | Lithuania | -6.58 Percentage change | 2024 | down 246.2% | volatile |
| 342 | Syrian Arab Republic | -6.79 Percentage change | 2024 | down 150.0% | volatile |
| 366 | Estonia | -7.35 Percentage change | 2024 | down 8,168.2% | volatile |
| 385 | Poland | -7.9 Percentage change | 2024 | down 552.3% | volatile |
| 478 | Slovenia | -10.56 Percentage change | 2024 | down 328.6% | volatile |
| 482 | Micronesia | -10.62 Percentage change | 2024 | down 155.2% | volatile |
| 578 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | -13.81 Percentage change | 2024 | down 175.0% | volatile |
Regions and income groups
Aggregates are excluded from the country ranking above so that a region can never outrank a country.
- Tamil Nadu 14.28 Percentage change
- Central Asia 3.05 Percentage change
- Île-de-France 11.11 Percentage change
- Western Europe 2.84 Percentage change
- Karnataka 10.8 Percentage change
- Rio Grande do Norte 2.72 Percentage change
- Daman & Diu 9.25 Percentage change
- Brussels Capital Region 8.8 Percentage change
- Southern Asia 2.41 Percentage change
- Central Jutland 8.37 Percentage change
- Bahia 0.7092 Percentage change
- Andhra Pradesh 8.19 Percentage change
- Korea 0.248 Percentage change
- Southern Denmark 8.17 Percentage change
- Altai Krai 7.96 Percentage change
- Paraíba -0.4501 Percentage change
- Navarra 7.62 Percentage change
- Rajasthan 7.58 Percentage change
- Rio Grande do Sul -1.91 Percentage change
- Gujarat 7.58 Percentage change
- Northern Europe -1.97 Percentage change
- La Réunion (region, level 2) 6.84 Percentage change
- Maharashtra 6.32 Percentage change
- Advanced economies -2.42 Percentage change
- Centre - Val de Loire 5.92 Percentage change
- Indiana -2.5 Percentage change
- Flevoland 5.89 Percentage change
- Eastern Asia -2.59 Percentage change
- Zeeland 5.73 Percentage change
- Southern Europe -2.66 Percentage change
- Coquimbo 5.45 Percentage change
- Slovak Republic -2.9 Percentage change
- Pays de la Loire 5.4 Percentage change
- Northern America -3.06 Percentage change
- Rhineland-Palatinate 5.3 Percentage change
- South-Eastern Asia -3.6 Percentage change
- Normandy 5.29 Percentage change
- G20 -3.73 Percentage change
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine 4.43 Percentage change
- Oceania -3.87 Percentage change
About this data
The dataset provides annual anomalies in land and cropland soil moisture content of the top soil layer compared to the reference period 1981-2010. Exposure indicators to drought have been prepared by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Please see the working paper for a more complete description of the methods. The datasets span the period 1981-2022 and is the result of the use of a variety of geospatial data sources, including the ERA5-Land averaged monthly data of volumetric soil moisture and ESA CCI land cover data. Average anomalies have been calculated for both land and cropland exposure to drought. The dataset has a global coverage on a national level; on the sub-national TL2 level (i.e. large subnational regions) results are reported for all OECD countries as well as for Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa. A number of aggregates are included: Euro area, European Union, Advanced economies, Emerging market economies, G7, G20, OECD, OECD Europe, OECD Asia Oceania, OECD Americas and the LAC region. Data source(s): Copernicus Climate Change Initiative land cover data and Copernicus Climate Data Store monthly soil moisture data (ERA5). Contact: ENV.Stat@oecd.org Database documentation